classified of meaning

    Meaning can be classified in two types of classifications, they are:

A.    Based in the units of language that can carry meaning.

1)      Word meaning (meaning carried by a word)

   Example: Human means people or person

2)      Sentence meaning (meaning carried by sentence)

Example: The man open the door. (the nun phrase ‘the man’ serves as an agent o 

                 the verb ‘opened’)

3)      Utterance meaning (meaning of an utterance)

Example: Some building collapsed becaused of being old. We heard that. ( the word  

    “that” carries the meaning of the previous utterance).

anaphora

Similar to omitting redundant information, is substituting a shorter form. "ANAPHORA is the use of a short form or PROFORM in the place of a longer expression. Usually such a proform is used when it is clear from the context what the proform means. "
Ex: I love Disa and Jack loves Disa too./
I love Disa and Jack loves her too. pronoun
Emily acted polite and Zachary acted polite also./
Emily acted polite and Zachary did also. pro-verb
I am sick and my being sick makes me sad./
I am sick, which makes me sad. pro-phrase

lexical paraphrase

LEXICAL PARAPHRASE occurs when synonyms appear in otherwise identical sentences.
Ex: I'll be glad to come./I'll be happy to come.
Paraphrases can also be formed in some cases by changing word order.
Ex: A man who Carol knows came over to visit./
A man came over to visit who knows Carol.
"Another case of paraphrase involves slight structural, morphological and 'function word' differences."
Ex: It seems that Dolores is very kind to animals./
Dolores seems to be very kind to animals.
They loaded the truck with hay./ They loaded hay onto the truck.

type of activities

Doff (1990) argued that for certain types of activities, pair works and group works have a number of advantages over working with the whole class. These advantages are as the followings:

1.   Pair works and group works give students far more chance to speak English.

2.   Working in pairs or groups encourages the students to be more involved and to concentrate on the task.

3.   Students feel less anxiety when they are working privately than when they are on show in front of the whole class.

4.   Pair works and group works encourage the students to share ideas and knowledge.

effective speaking activity

                 Characteristics of a Successful Speaking Activity

         According to Ur (1996) an effective speaking activity has the following features:  

1.   Learners talk a lot. Classroom activities must be designed in such ways that provide opportunities for learners to talk a lot.

2.   All get a chance to speak. A minority of talkative students should not dominate Classroom discussions, and contributions must be fairly distributed. Classroom activities must be designed in ways that help all the students to take risk.

3.   Motivation is high. Learners are eager to speak because they are interested in the topic, and want to contribute to achieving a task objective.

4.   Language is comprehensible. Learners express themselves in utterances that are relevant, easily comprehensible to each other, and of an acceptable level of language accuracy. The teacher must also base the activity on easy language so that the students can use the language fluently without hesitation.

5.   Students speak the target language. The teacher must keep students speaking the foreign language.